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Seismic waves bounced off Earth’s core and shifted Japan after massive 2011 earthquake
When massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake shook Japan on March 11, 2011, the ground also made a more lasting move. About 15 minutes after the event began at 2:46 p.m. local time, nearly the entire country shifted eastward, according to GPS station measurements.
The lurch was small â 5 to 6 millimeters, or 0.20 to 0.24 inches â but permanent and at the time went largely unnoticed or was passed off as a data glitch. However, University of Chicago geophysicist Sunyoung Park felt the recorded signals that indicated a shift pointed to something tangible. In fact, the ground movement reflected an âextraordinaryâ and previously undocumented seismic phenomenon, according to a new study.
An earthquake hit Japan so hard it made the entire country move
Japan’s 2011 earthquake was so powerful that it shifted the entire country’s location
This “extraordinary” event was likely caused by seismic waves bouncing off Earth’s core, researchers found
Japan’s catastrophic Tohoku-Oki earthquake in 2011 was so strong that it caused the entire country to “slip,” in some areas by as much as five or six millimeters, according to new research.
This “extraordinary observation,” as it is described in a new study published today in Science, was likely triggered by seismic waves bouncing off Earth’s core in the wake of the magnitude 9.0 quake. This never-before-seen event could present a previously unknown hazard associated with earthquakes, says Sunyoung Park, the study’s lead author and an assistant professor of geophysics at the University of Chicago.
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A seismic wave from Japan's 2011 magnitude-9 earthquake travelled nearly 2,900 kilometres down to Earth's core, bounced back to the surface 13 minutes later, and shifted the entire country eastward by roughly six millimetres at the same instant — in the first
For 15 years after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake — among the most thoroughly instrumented natural disasters in history — a small anomaly in the GPS data sat unresolved in the archives.
For 15 years after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake — among the most thoroughly instrumented natural disasters in history — a small anomaly in the GPS data sat unresolved in the archives. Approximately 15 minutes after the magnitude-9 main shock struck off the coast of northeastern Honshu, GPS stations distributed across the entirety of Japan registered a tiny but unambiguous step-like displacement to the east, of approximately five to six millimetres, occurring nearly simultaneously across the country. The shift was far too small to be felt by anyone, far too small to cause damage, and far too late to be attributable to the main rupture itself. It did not correspond to any known aftershock. It was reported in subsequent compilations of Tohoku data but was, for over a decade, an unexplained signal sitting in the corner of a vast dataset that researchers had not yet figured out how to interpret. On 18 June 2026, a team led by Sunyoung Park, an assistant professor of geophysical sciences at the University of Chicago, published a paper in Science proposing what they argue is the correct explanation. The shift, they conclude, was caused by a seismic wave that had travelled from the earthquake’s epicentre straight down through the Earth’s mantle, bounced off the outer core, returned to the surface, and arrived at Japan’s tectonic plate boundaries with enough residual energy to push the entire country a few millimetres eastward.
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