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After 60 Years, Diabetes Drug Revealed to Unexpectedly Affect The Brain
Metformin has been prescribed to people with type 2 diabetes to manage blood sugar for more than 60 years, but scientists haven't been exactly sure how it works – until now.
A recent study suggests it works directly in the brain, which could lead to new types of treatment.
Researchers from the Baylor College of Medicine in the US identified in 2025 a brain pathway that the drug seems to work through, in addition to the effects it has on biological processes in other areas of the body.
"It's been widely accepted that metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by reducing glucose output in the liver. Other studies have found that it acts through the gut," said Makoto Fukuda, a pathophysiologist at Baylor.
Scientists discover popular diabetic drug's unexpected effect on the brain
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Metformin’s hidden brain pathway revealed after 60 years
For over 60 years, metformin has been a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, yet scientists have not fully understood how it works. Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine, along with international collaborators, have now identified an unexpected factor behind the drug's effects: the brain. By uncovering a brain-based pathway involved in metformin's ability to lower blood sugar, the team has opened the door to more targeted and effective diabetes therapies. The findings were published in Science Advances.
"It's been widely accepted that metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by reducing glucose output in the liver. Other studies have found that it acts through the gut," said corresponding author Dr. Makoto Fukuda, associate professor of pediatrics — nutrition at Baylor. "We looked into the brain as it is widely recognized as a key regulator of whole-body glucose metabolism. We investigated whether and how the brain contributes to the anti-diabetic effects of metformin."
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